The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) has issued its most dire warning in years as the US dollar faces an unprecedented “historic stress test” amid mounting global financial instability.
BIS General Manager Agustín Carstens declared the global economy has entered a “new era of heightened uncertainty and unpredictability” following dramatic US policy shifts that have rattled markets worldwide.
Source: BIS Annual Report 2025The dollar has plummeted 10% since the start of 2025, marking the largest first-half decline since free-floating exchange rates began in the early 1970s.
U.S. Dollar Index (DXY/USDX) chart development from January 1973 to June 23, 2025. Source: StatistaThis extraordinary drop occurred alongside rising government bond yields, creating what Carstens described as “an extraordinary, troubling combination” that has sparked speculation about the dollar’s traditional status as a safe haven.
Policy Chaos Triggers Market Upheaval
Trade tensions and policy upheavals have fundamentally disrupted global economic stability.
The announcement of broad-based US tariffs sent shockwaves through international markets, while accompanying policies, including questioning central bank independence and discussions about penalizing foreign holders of US securities, have fostered unprecedented uncertainty.
The crisis reveals deep-seated structural vulnerabilities that have been developing for years.
These include persistently weak productivity growth, unsustainable fiscal positions with historically high public debt, and the growing footprint of less-regulated non-bank financial institutions that pose systemic risks.
Financial conditions are now transmitting more swiftly across economies due to structural shifts in the global economic system.
The expansion of sovereign bond markets and the increased role of non-banks, such as investment and hedge funds, have created tighter links between financial markets worldwide.
Rising protectionism and trade fragmentation present particular concerns as they exacerbate the decades-long decline in economic and productivity growth.
Population aging, climate change, geopolitical tensions, and supply chain vulnerabilities are making the global economy less resilient to shocks.
The post-pandemic inflation surge has left lasting scars on household expectations, potentially making them less firmly anchored.
Global inflation rate from 2000 to 2024, with forecasts until 2030. Source: StatistaHigh public debt levels near peacetime highs in many countries are increasing financial system vulnerability to interest rate rises while reducing governments’ ability to respond to new shocks.
Dollar’s Safe Haven Status Under Unprecedented Assault
The US dollar’s dramatic decline has raised a fundamental question about America’s financial credibility on the global stage.
The simultaneous depreciation of the dollar alongside rising government bond yields defies historical patterns where safe-haven demand typically strengthens the currency during uncertainty periods.
Ten-year government bonds yields from Germany and the United States between January 2008 and May 2025. Source: StatistaMarket dynamics reveal extraordinary stress in the world’s most crucial currency relationship.
Volatility has soared as investors grapple with policy announcements followed by adjustments and reversals, creating an atmosphere of perpetual unpredictability.
Non-US investors holding Treasuries and other US assets have significantly increased hedging activities, making an “important contribution” to the dollar’s slide.
This defensive positioning suggests eroding confidence in dollar-denominated assets despite their traditional safe-haven appeal.
The repeated cycle of policy announcements and subsequent modifications has fundamentally altered the market perception of US policy stability.
BIS economic adviser Hyun Song Shin acknowledged that while there’s no evidence of a “great rotation” away from US assets, the situation remains fluid.
Sovereign funds and central banks move slowly, making it too early to determine if current trends represent temporary adjustments or structural shifts.
The implications extend beyond currency markets as global financial conditions become increasingly sensitive to US policy decisions.
Stablecoin Regulation Could Rescue Dollar Dominance Amid System Restructuring
The crisis has exposed fundamental weaknesses in the global financial system, as stablecoins emerge as both a threat and a potential salvation for the dollar’s supremacy.
Stablecoins were previously viewed as a competitor to traditional currency systems, but regulatory clarity through the advancing GENIUS Act could transform stablecoins into dollar-reinforcement mechanisms.
Most stablecoins remain pegged to the US dollar, creating a potential for strengthened US dollar dominance as digital payment adoption accelerates worldwide.
The Senate’s advancement of comprehensive stablecoin legislation toward final passage represents a critical juncture where proper regulation could channel growing digital asset usage back through dollar-denominated infrastructure.
The BIS advocates structural reforms, including enhanced market flexibility, reduced trade barriers, and strengthened regulatory oversight, ensuring banking and non-banking activities face similar stringency.
Central banks must maintain a focus on price stability while adapting through flexible tools, as tariff uncertainty complicates monetary policy amid stagflationary pressures.
The success of the stablecoin regulatory framework could provide unexpected dollar support during this historic stress test.
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