Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin declared that the network has finally cracked blockchain’s fundamental trilemma through the combination of zero-knowledge Ethereum Virtual Machines and PeerDAS technology now running on mainnet.
The breakthrough marks the culmination of a decade-long technical journey that began with Buterin’s first data availability sampling commit in 2015 and early ZKEVM development around 2020.
“These are not minor improvements; they are shifting Ethereum into being a fundamentally new and more powerful kind of decentralized network,” Buterin wrote in a post on X, describing how the protocol now delivers decentralization, consensus, and high bandwidth simultaneously, a feat previously considered impossible.
Technical Milestone Reshapes Blockchain Architecture
Buterin explained that early peer-to-peer networks faced stark limitations, with BitTorrent offering massive bandwidth and decentralization but no consensus mechanism.
At the same time, Bitcoin achieved decentralization and consensus at the cost of extremely low throughput due to replicated rather than distributed work.
Ethereum’s new architecture breaks this pattern by splitting computational work across nodes while maintaining cryptographic verification of all state transitions.
ZKEVMs have achieved production-quality performance, with proving times dropping from 16 minutes to 16 seconds and costs falling 45-fold, with 99% of Ethereum blocks now provable in under 10 seconds on target hardware.
Meanwhile, PeerDAS enables nodes to verify data availability by sampling small portions rather than downloading entire blocks, dramatically expanding throughput without sacrificing decentralization.
The Ethereum Foundation set a security-first roadmap requiring teams to achieve 128-bit provable security by the end of 2026, with intermediate milestones at 100-bit security by May 2026 and mandatory integration with the soundcalc security estimation tool by February.
“If an attacker can forge a proof, they can forge anything: mint tokens from nothing, rewrite state, steal funds,” the foundation warned in December, emphasizing that performance gains cannot compromise cryptographic integrity.
George Kadianakis from the foundation’s cryptography team stressed the importance of securing architectures before they become moving targets.
“Once teams have hit these targets and zkVM architectures stabilize, the formal verification work we’ve been investing in can reach its full potential,” he wrote, noting that recent advances in compact polynomial commitment schemes like WHIR and techniques such as JaggedPCS now make ambitious security targets achievable.
Rollout Timeline Extends Through 2030
Buterin outlined a four-year deployment schedule beginning with large non-ZKEVM-dependent gas limit increases in 2026 through Balance Attack Limits and enshrined Proposer-Builder Separation, alongside the first opportunities to run ZKEVM nodes.
Between 2026 and 2028, developers will implement gas repricing, state structure changes, and the migration of execution payloads into blobs to safely support higher throughput.
By 2027 through 2030, Buterin expects ZKEVM validation to become the primary block verification method as gas limits increase substantially beyond current capacity.
The roadmap also includes distributed block building as a third critical component, with Buterin describing a “long-term ideal holy grail” in which full blocks are never concentrated in a single location, reducing centralized interference risks and improving geographic fairness.
While celebrating technical progress, Buterin warned in a separate January 1 post that Ethereum must resist the urge to chase “fleeting trends” like tokenized dollars or political memecoins.
“Ethereum needs to do more to meet its own stated goals,” he wrote, calling for applications that pass the “walkaway test” by continuing to function even if original developers disappear and remain stable regardless of external disruptions, including hypothetical scenarios like Cloudflare being compromised by state actors.
The co-founder also cautioned separately last month that the protocol complexity undermines trustlessness by limiting the number of people who can understand the system end-to-end.
“If only five people can understand how your privacy protocol works, you haven’t achieved trustlessness, you’ve just changed who you trust,” privacy network INTMAX stated, echoing Buterin’s concern that growing technical abstractions risk concentrating functional control among experts.
Institutional adoption continues to accelerate despite these architectural challenges, with Ethereum’s total value locked projected to rise tenfold in 2026.
Already, JPMorgan is launching a $100 million tokenized money-market fund on Ethereum, and Deutsche Bank is developing a Layer 2 using ZKsync technology, alongside 24 financial institutions testing asset tokenization under Singapore’s regulatory framework.
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